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1 Start the VTEP emulator. If you installed the components following Open vSwitch on Linux, FreeBSD and NetBSD, run the following from the vtep directory: $. /ovs-vtep --log-file=/var/log/openvswitch/ \ --pidfile=/var/run/openvswitch/ \ --detach br0 If the installation was done by installing the openvswitch-vtep package, you can find ovs-vtep at /usr/share/openvswitch/scripts. Configure the VTEP database's manager to point at an NVC: $ vtep-ctl set-manager tcp::6640 Where is your controller's IP address that is accessible via the Host Machine's eth0 interface. Simulating an NVC ¶ A VTEP implementation expects to be driven by a Network Virtualization Controller (NVC), such as NSX. If one does not exist, it's possible to use vtep-ctl to simulate one: Create a logical switch: Bind the logical switch to a port: $ vtep-ctl bind-ls br0 p0 0 ls0 $ vtep-ctl set Logical_Switch ls0 tunnel_key=33 Direct unknown destinations out a tunnel. For handling L2 broadcast, multicast and unknown unicast traffic, packets can be sent to all members of a logical switch referenced by a physical switch.

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1. 1 10. 2. 1 MANAGEMENT | | +----------------- o ----+ | | DATA / TUNNEL | +----------------- o ---+ Some important points. We will use Open vSwitch to create our "physical" switch labeled br0 Our "physical" switch br0 will have one internal port also named br0 and two "physical" ports, namely p0 and p1. The host machine may have two external interfaces. We will use eth0 for management traffic and eth1 for tunnel traffic (One can use a single interface to achieve both). Please take note of their IP addresses in the diagram. You do not have to use exactly the same IP addresses. Just know that the above will be used in the steps below. You can optionally connect physical machines instead of virtual machines to switch br0. In that case: Make sure you have two extra physical interfaces in your host machine, eth2 and eth3. In the rest of this doc, replace p0 with eth2 and p1 with eth3. In addition to implementing p0 and p1 as physical interfaces, you can also optionally implement them as standalone TAP devices, or VM interfaces for simulation.

The "unknown-dst" address below is used to represent these packets. There are different modes to replicate the packets. The default mode of replication is to send the traffic to a service node, which can be a hypervisor, server or appliance, and let the service node handle replication to other transport nodes (hypervisors or other VTEP physical switches). This mode is called service node replication. An alternate mode of replication, called source node replication, involves the source node sending to all other transport nodes. Hypervisors are always responsible for doing their own replication for locally attached VMs in both modes. Service node mode is the default. Service node replication mode is considered a basic requirement because it only requires sending the packet to a single transport node. The following configuration is for service node replication mode as only a single transport node destination is specified for the unknown-dst address: $ vtep-ctl add-mcast-remote ls0 unknown-dst 10.

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This document explains how to use ovs-vtep, a VXLAN Tunnel Endpoint (VTEP) emulator that uses Open vSwitch for forwarding. VTEPs are the entities that handle VXLAN frame encapsulation and decapsulation in a network. Requirements ¶ The VTEP emulator is a Python script that invokes calls to tools like vtep-ctl and ovs-vsctl. It is only useful when Open vSwitch daemons like ovsdb-server and ovs-vswitchd are running and installed. To do this, either: Follow the instructions in Open vSwitch on Linux, FreeBSD and NetBSD (don't start any daemons yet). Follow the instructions in Debian Packaging for Open vSwitch and then install the openvswitch-vtep package (if operating on a debian based machine). This will automatically start the daemons. Design ¶ At the end of this process, you should have the following setup: Architecture +---------------------------------------------------+ | Host Machine | | | | +---------+ +---------+ | | | | | | | | | VM1 | | VM2 | | | +---- o ----+ +---- o ----+ | | | | | | br0 +------ o ----------- o -------------------- o --+ | | p0 p1 br0 | | +------+ +------+ | +------------------------------| eth0 |---| eth1 |--+ +------+ +------+ 10.

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First, an ARP request is sent from the virtual machine MAC1 to find the MAC address of the virtual machine on Host 2. The ARP request is a broadcast packet. Host 2 VTEP – Forwarding table entry The diagram above shows the packet flow: Virtual machine on Host1 sends ARP packet with Destination MAC as "FFFFFFFFFFF" VTEP on Host 1 encapsulates the Ethernet broadcast packet into a UDP header with Multicast address "239. 100" as the destination IP address and VTEP address "10. 20. 10. 10" as the Source IP address. The physical network delivers the multicast packet to the hosts that joined the multicast group address "239. 10". The VTEP on Host 2 receives the encapsulated packet. Based on the outer and inner header, it makes an entry in the forwarding table that shows the mapping of the virtual machine MAC address and the VTEP. In this example, the virtual machine MAC1 running on Host 1 is associated with VTEP IP "10. VTEP also checks the segment ID or VXLAN logical network ID (5001) in the external header to decide if the packet has to be delivered on the host or not.

The packet is de-encapsulated and delivered to the virtual machine connected on that logical network VXLAN 5001. The entry in the forwarding table of Host 2 VTEP is used during lookup process. The packet flow shown in the diagram below explains the forwarding table lookup for a unicast packet sent from a virtual machine on Host2. Host 2 VTEP – Forwarding table Lookup Virtual Machine MAC2 on Host 2 responds to the ARP request by sending a unicast packet with Destination Ethernet MAC address as MAC1. After receiving the unicast packet, the VTEP on Host 2 performs a lookup in the forwarding table and gets a match for the destination MAC address "MAC1". The VTEP now knows that to deliver the packet to virtual machine MAC1 it has to send it to VTEP with IP address "10. The VTEP creates unicast packet with destination IP address as "10. 10" and sends it out. The Host1 VTEP receives the unicast packet and it also learns about the location of the virtual machine MAC2 as shown in the diagram below.

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Host 1 VTEP – Forwarding table entry The packet is delivered to Host1 The VTEP on Host 1 receives the encapsulated packet. In this example, the virtual machine MAC2 running on Host 2 is associated with VTEP IP "10. 11". The VTEP also checks segment ID or VXLAN logical network ID (5001) in the external header to decide if the packet has to be delivered on the host or not. As you can see the forwarding table entries are populated based on the inner and outer header fields of the encapsulated packet. Similar to the transparent bridge the forwarding table entries are removed after aging timer expires. One of the common questions I get is what happens after a virtual machine is vMotioned. In the next few posts I will cover how the forwarding table entries get modified after vMotion of a virtual machine from one host to another. Here are the links to Part 1, Part 2, Part 3, Part 4. Get notification of these blogs postings and more VMware Networking information by following me on Twitter: @VMWNetworking

In this post I am going to describe how VTEPs learn about the virtual machines connected to the logical Layer 2 networks. The learning process is quite similar to a transparent bridge function. As transparent bridges learn based on the packets received on the bridge ports, the VTEP also learn based on the inner and outer header of the packets received. Let's take an example to illustrate the VTEP learning process. Example Deployment with Two Hosts As shown in the diagram above there are two Hosts (Host1, Host 2) on which VTEPs are configured, and each host has one virtual machine connected to logical layer 2 network, identified as VXLAN 5001. Both the virtual machines are powered on and both VTEPs have joined the multicast group 239. 1. 100. Each VTEP has its own forwarding table, which is initially empty as shown in the diagram below. Initial State of the Forwarding Table How do the forwarding tables get populated? We will take an example of virtual machine on Host 1 trying to communicate with the virtual machine on the Host 2.

December 22, 2020